Harvard style testing

2
  • I think I mentioned it elsewhere. This format requires a fixed citation format for the course books. So most are (foo 1993) but for the course book it needs to be (HP) so I abuse the volume field currently to force that.
  • Leeds Met also have a Harvard style:

    http://skillsforlearning.leedsmet.ac.uk/harvard_2004.pdf

    This a a comprehensive guide to Harvard that we have to use.

    Glade to see there is a Harvard style know available. Will test it out over the next few days. On my Masters course the referencing is extremely strictly assessed to this standard.

    Thanks,

    Rich
  • Jon - can't reproduce the space issue on missing author - it works for me in word, might try OO in a bit.
    I've uploaded a new version though with a couple of tidy ups in.
  • Hi Codec, yes I'm using OO, so that is probably where the problem is. Won't be able to test the new CSL till tomorrow evening.
  • Hello again
    Codec, you are doing an excellent job by working on this style. Thanks for that.
    I also like the idea from bdarcus of expanding the possibilities to use different styles in zotero.
    On the Harvard referencing - I have checked what style is used refworks (hope i am not uttering heresy here :) and they apparently have two Harvard styles uloaded -
    Harvard
    Harvard - Bristish Standard
    Comparing results by both it seemed that the one that codec has created is more aligned to the British version, whereas the one that i have been acustomed to is the first one.
    I am attaching a reference list with all types of sources that illustrates the Harvard style in refworks.
    http://www.zinaf.net/Files/harvard_referencing_refworks.pdf
    I whish I had the time to learn how to make these csl files (rather writing the code :) - It would have made it much faster if more than one person was working on this bloody Harvard style :)
    best wishes
    z.
  • Thanks - thats useful - might have a go at it. However its missing a few details - like when et. al. kicks in, what page numbers should look like in citations and a few other bits.
  • I agree, it does not list that. et al. kicks in for 3+ authors (for two is used 'and' or '&')
    in-text citations - pages would look as follows (Beutler et al. 2001, p. 190/pp. 190-230)
    i have another very good source that contains the actual rules. It goes to a great detail to specify the various cases and it seems it complements well the refworks file i posted earlier.
    http://library.curtin.edu.au/referencing/harvard.pdf
    cheers
    z.
  • I've added that last one in as variant 3. Maybe we should take a vote :-)
  • wow, that was fast.
    I surely would vote for harvard3, however I have to remarks to make,
    -the year should be in brackets;
    -the various parts of the reference should be seprated by comme and not fullstop. fullstop should be only at the end.
    -and finally, when abreviating the first names use a fullstop (not to be confused with the note above :) also if two frst names should be separated with a space. see the example below:
    current:
    Lawrence, BS 1997, “The Black Box of Organizational Demography.” Organization Science, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 1-22.
    should be:
    Lawrence, B. S. (1997), “The Black Box of Organizational Demography”, Organization Science, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 1-22.

    i also noticed that the fullstop/comma that you use after the name of the book/article is before the quotation marks, should be after.

    this is for now.
    cheers
  • Hmm - what version are you referring to? I used http://library.curtin.edu.au/referencing/harvard.pdf as the basis.

    e.g.,
    Madden, R & Hogan, T 1997, The definition of disability in Australia: moving towards national consistency, Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, Canberra.

    Wharton, N 1996, ‘Health and safety in outdoor activity centres’, Journal of Adventure Education and Outdoor Leadership, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 8-9.
  • true, true. My mistake. I got them all mixed up. the year and first names must have been from my uni. I guess this hybrid is what i was getting to so did not realise that i have combined two sources ;)

    I think you should go ahead with what we have come up with so far (harvard3). You will not be able to satisfy everyone's requirements.

    I wish that there will be a tool in zotero that would allow us to easily modify and customise a given style to the requirements of the particular cause we use it for.
    cheers and thanks again for the effort.
  • HI Codec, loaded up the new harvard1 and the openoffice extra space suppress author glitch seems to be gone (still there for the APSA style). Great work. Unless anybody else has any caveats, should we release this one, so long as people know that its based on the East Anglia standard? Jon.
  • These styles are now maintained at the following page
    http://www.zotero.org/styles
    along with others - and can be directly loaded into Zotero 1.0.2 when it is released.
    Great news! (although possibly not for the bug reports I'll get!).
  • Job well done codec,
    I look forward to 1.0.2 to be able to install them.
  • Wonderful. I am busy with my MPhil degree and I discovered Zotero. It was an answer to my prayers (well almost). I really need the Harvard method since my University accepts no other method. The preview really has me excited. Any idea when it will be available to end-users?
  • hello babrevian,
    as there is no news on when the official zotero 1.0.2. release will be out i did the following and it has worked so far fine with me.
    1. download and install the beta version of 1.0.2 from here http://dev.zotero.org/svn_and_trac_access (see bottom of page 'Development XPI'; there is a link to the ff extension file; download and open with ff to install)
    2. chose the style you want to install from the page codec mentiones http://www.zotero.org/styles - next to each one of them there is an install).
    3. that should do it. perhaps there will be some issue since this is beta but better beta than nothing :)

    Codec, I will be now testing the harvard3 as i write my assignment and will give more feedback later on.
  • zinaf - thanks
  • Thanks zinaf. I have downloaded it and I will take a look. It appears to work. Will let you know when I have some time.
  • I have one problem to reprot so far:
    in harvard2 and harvard3 I get an error once trying to insert reference list using ms word plug in (word 2003). I have tried that with 1.0.2.022 (i think) and on the production 1.0.1; the error message reads 'an error occurred while trying to comunicate with zotero. please ensure ff is open and try again'.
    I run ff 2.0.0.11 on win-xp-sp2.
    all is fine with harvard1. I get the same error if i create the ref list with harvard1 and try to change the style in the word plugin options to harvard2 or 3.
    something interesting i have discovered is that by installing the beta 1.0.2.022 one can install all the additional styles and then safely go back to zotero production - all added styles remain installed and can be used.
    b/w the latest update, which i installed today, of the beta 1.0.2.039 (i think :) does not work at all with the word plug in, but i guess this should be addressed somewhere else.
  • Hi
    i believe the styles available follow the australian practice. the unis in london/uk generally use a slightly different form of harvard.

    http://www.brookes.ac.uk/library/resources/harvard.pdf
    http://www.uel.ac.uk/lss/Harvardreferencing.htm#q7

    some very minor adjustments like bracketing the year and indicate the place of publishing before the publisher.
    Gombrich, E. H. (1977). Art and illusion. 5 ed. London: Phaidon.
    Ridley, A., Peckham, M. and Clark, P. (eds.) (2003). Cell motility: from molecules to organisms. Chichester: Wiley.
    Royal Society (2001). The future of sites of special scientific interest (SSSIs). London: Royal Society.
  • I haven't looked to see - but there is a 4th Harvard style "Open University Harvard Style" that is different yet again.
  • I have the following question about the Harvard method as it is used by Zotero - According to my Professor the intext citation must be: Babrevian (1999:20) and not Babrevian (1999, p.20). Is it possible to have a version that will give the inline citation with a ":20" instead of the "p.20"?
  • I have fiddled around with the Chicago author-date style so that it gives the sort of in-text citation you are looking for. I played with the Harvard style for a bit but couldn't get it to produce the same result. Anyway, I'm pasting the Chicago below in case it is of use to you.

    <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
    <style xmlns="http://purl.org/net/xbiblio/csl" xml:lang="en" class="in-text" >
    <info>
    <title>Chicago Manual of Style (Author-Date format with colon in-text)</title>
    <id>http://www.zotero.org/styles/chicago-author-date</id>;
    <link href="http://www.zotero.org/styles/chicago-author-date"/>
    <author>
    <name>Julian Onions</name>
    <email>julian.onions@gmail.com</email>
    </author>
    <category term="author-date"/>
    <category term="generic-base"/>
    <updated>2008-02-12T23:58:00-05:00</updated>
    <summary>The author-date variant of the Chicago style, hacked by Matthew T. Bradley to use a colon as separator in in-text citations rather than a comma</summary>
    <link href="http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html" rel="documentation"/>
    </info>
    <macro name="editor">
    <names variable="editor">
    <label form="short" text-case="capitalize-first" suffix=". "/>
    <name and="text" delimiter=", "/>
    </names>
    </macro>
    <macro name="series-editor">
    <names variable="original-author">
    <label form="short" text-case="capitalize-first" suffix=". "/>
    <name and="text" delimiter=", "/>
    </names>
    </macro>
    <macro name="anon">
    <text term="anonymous" form="short" text-case="capitalize-first"/>
    </macro>
    <macro name="author">
    <names variable="author">
    <name and="text" name-as-sort-order="first" sort-separator=", " delimiter=", "
    delimiter-precedes-last="always"/>
    <label form="short" prefix=", " suffix="." text-case="lowercase"/>
    <substitute>
    <names variable="editor"/>
    <names variable="translator"/>
    <text macro="anon"/>
    </substitute>
    </names>
    </macro>
    <macro name="author-short">
    <names variable="author">
    <name form="short" and="text" delimiter=", "/>
    <substitute>
    <names variable="editor"/>
    <names variable="translator"/>
    <text macro="anon"/>
    </substitute>
    </names>
    </macro>
    <macro name="access">
    <group>
    <text variable="URL"/>
    <group prefix=" (" suffix=")">
    <text term="accessed" text-case="capitalize-first" suffix=" "/>
    <date variable="accessed">
    <date-part name="month" suffix=" "/>
    <date-part name="day" suffix=", "/>
    <date-part name="year"/>
    </date>
    </group>
    </group>
    </macro>
    <macro name="title">
    <choose>
    <if type="thesis">
    <text variable="title"/>
    </if>
    <else-if type="book">
    <text variable="title" font-style="italic"/>
    </else-if>
    <else>
    <text variable="title"/>
    </else>
    </choose>
    </macro>
    <macro name="edition">
    <choose>
    <if is-numeric="edition">
    <group delimiter=" ">
    <number variable="edition" form="ordinal"/>
    <text term="edition" form="short" suffix="."/>
    </group>
    </if>
    <else>
    <text variable="edition" suffix="."/>
    </else>
    </choose>
    </macro>
    <macro name="volumes">
    <group delimiter=" ">
    <number variable="number-of-volumes" form="numeric"/>
    <text term="volume" form="short" suffix="." plural="true"/>
    </group>
    </macro>
    <macro name="publisher">
    <group delimiter=": " >
    <text variable="publisher-place"/>
    <text variable="publisher"/>
    </group>
    </macro>
    <macro name="year-date">
    <date variable="issued">
    <date-part name="year"/>
    </date>
    </macro>
    <macro name="day-month">
    <date variable="issued">
    <date-part name="month"/>
    <date-part name="day" prefix=" "/>
    </date>
    </macro>
    <citation>
    <option name="et-al-min" value="4"/>
    <option name="et-al-use-first" value="1"/>
    <option name="et-al-subsequent-min" value="6"/>
    <option name="et-al-subsequent-use-first" value="1"/>
    <option name="disambiguate-add-year-suffix" value="true"/>
    <option name="disambiguate-add-names" value="true"/>
    <option name="disambiguate-add-givenname" value="true"/>
    <option name="collapse" value="year"/>
    <layout prefix="(" suffix=")" delimiter="; ">
    <group delimiter=":">
    <group delimiter=" ">
    <text macro="author-short"/>
    <text macro="year-date"/>
    </group>
    <text variable="locator"/>
    </group>
    </layout>
    </citation>
    <bibliography>
    <option name="hanging-indent" value="true"/>
    <option name="et-al-min" value="6"/>
    <option name="et-al-use-first" value="1"/>
    <sort>
    <key macro="author"/>
    <key variable="title"/>
    </sort>
    <layout suffix=".">
    <group delimiter=" ">
    <text macro="author" suffix="."/>
    <text macro="year-date" suffix="."/>
    </group>
    <choose>
    <if type="article-newspaper article-magazine" match="any">
    <group delimiter=" ">
    <text macro="title" prefix=" " suffix="."/>
    </group>
    <group prefix=" " delimiter=", ">
    <text variable="container-title" font-style="italic"/>
    <text macro="day-month"/>
    <text variable="edition"/>
    </group>
    </if>
    <else-if type="thesis">
    <text macro="title" prefix=" " suffix="."/>
    <group prefix=" " delimiter=", ">
    <text variable="edition" suffix=" ed."/>
    <text macro="editor" suffix="."/>
    <text variable="genre"/>
    <text macro="publisher"/>
    </group>
    </else-if>
    <else-if type="book">
    <group delimiter=" ">
    <text macro="title" prefix=" " suffix="."/>
    <text macro="edition"/>
    <text macro="volumes"/>
    <text macro="editor" suffix="."/>
    <text macro="publisher"/>
    </group>
    </else-if>
    <else-if type="chapter">
    <group delimiter=" ">
    <text macro="title" prefix=" " suffix="."/>
    <group class="container" delimiter=", ">
    <group delimiter=" ">
    <text term="in" text-case="capitalize-first"/>
    <text variable="container-title" font-style="italic"/>
    </group>
    <text macro="editor" prefix=" "/>
    <group delimiter=" ">
    <text variable="volume" prefix="Vol. " suffix=" of"/>
    <text variable="collection-title" font-style="italic"/>
    <text macro="series-editor"/>
    </group>
    <text variable="page"/>
    <text macro="publisher" prefix=" "/>
    </group>
    </group>
    </else-if>
    <else>
    <group suffix="." >
    <text macro="title" prefix=" " />
    <text macro="editor" prefix=" "/>
    </group>
    <group class="container" prefix=" " suffix="." delimiter=" ">
    <text variable="container-title" font-style="italic"/>
    <group delimiter=":">
    <group delimiter=", ">
    <text variable="volume" />
    <text variable="issue" prefix="no. "/>
    </group>
    <text variable="page"/>
    </group>
    </group>
    </else>
    </choose>
    <text prefix=" " macro="access" suffix="."/>
    </layout>
    </bibliography>
    </style>
  • edited March 14, 2008
    I need some serious help PLEASE. For my M-thesis I need to make use of the Harvard method in my bibliography. It appears as if there is different interpretations on how to implement the Harvard method. The team of Zotero already made 3 versions available (as far as I know), but my Professor does not approve of any of them. The differences is small, but significant enough to cause me to loose some marks.

    I already made extensive use of Zotero in my assignments (that must be handed in very soon ) and the only snag is my bibliography - luckily I asked my Professors help before handing them in. At this moment I must correct all in-text references of every assignment, as well as my bibliographies. I am not looking forward to editing all my assignments by hand, so I am asking anyone to please help my build a Harvard method for Zotero that is acceptable for my University (University of Stellenbosch in South African BTW). Their interpretation of the Harvard method can be found at http://library.sun.ac.za//eng/help/infolit2002/bibharvard.htm . Unfortunately the site's is a bit cumbersome to use, so I included most of their information in this post. The intext reference of Harvard differs quite a lot from the APA - Harvard is (Babrevian, 2008:33) as an example. Please help me, if I knew how to do this myself I would, but I have no idea.

    Here is the explanation of the Harvard method according to the University of Stellenbosch. Due to the size of my post, I will have to post it in a few posts. Hope this is clear. Thanks guys (Sorry about these huge posts but I hoped it would help. For some reason there is a lot of wasted space between the heading and the example)

    Article: Periodical - journal has a seasonal
    date



    Author. Date. Title of article. Title of journal, volume
    or number of issue: page reference, Season.











    Harvard Lee, S.T. 1986. The semantics
    of advertising. Psychology today, 19:34-37, Fall.



    Notes

    The season, "Fall", follows
    the page reference.


    Article: Periodical - journal has a seasonal
    date



    Author. Date. Title of article. Title of journal, volume
    or number of issue: page reference, Season.











    Harvard Lee, S.T. 1986. The semantics
    of advertising. Psychology today, 19:34-37, Fall.



    Notes

    The season, "Fall", follows
    the page reference.

    Article: Magazine (magazine = popular literature)


    Author. Date. Title of article. Title of journal, volume
    or number of issue: page reference.












    Harvard Posner, M. I. 1993.
    Seeing the mind. Science, 262:673-674, Oct 29.
    Notes

    In-text referencing: Posner (1993:A12)


    Article: Newspaper - Author (name of reporter/author
    is known)



    Author. Date. Title of article. Title of newspaper:
    page reference, Month and day.










    Harvard Stewart, M.T. 1988.
    Should privatisation prosper? SAA in the year 1990. The
    Argus
    : 3, May 17.


    Notes

    • The Title of the newspaper
      in italics.


    • The day of the month follows the page reference.

    • The title of newspaper is followed by a colon, unless
      the volume or issue number is known. Treat like a
      magazine or journal.

  • Article: Newspaper - anonymous (no name
    of reporter/author)



    Title of article. Date. Title of newspaper: page reference,
    Month and day.












    Harvard New drug appears
    to sharply cut the risk of death from heart failure. 1993.
    The Washington post: A12. July 30.
    Notes

    • In text referencing: ("New drug", 1993: A12)

    • The Title of the newspaper
      in italics.


    • Give the correct title of newspaper, e.g. The
      Argus
      (not only Argus).

    • The title of newspaper is followed by a colon, unless
      the volume or issue number is known. Treat this resource
      like a magazine or journal.

    • The day of the month follows the page reference.

    Book: Corporate author


    Author. Date. Title: subtitle. Place: Publisher.












    Harvard

    a) Sanlam. 1998. Annual report: 1998. Bellville:
    Sanlam.

    b) Employee Benefit Research Institute. 1992, February.
    Source of health insurance and characteristics of
    the uninsured
    (Issue Brief No. 123). Washington,
    DC:Oxford University Press.

    Notes

    • When an organisation "writes" a book it
      is known as the corporate author.

    • Example a)

      • Sanlam is the name of an organisation.

      • Sanlam is also the publisher.



    • The date of the annual report is also part of the
      title.


    Book: Single author

    Author. Date. Title: subtitle. Place: Publisher.













    Harvard Chase, Jennifer A. 1979. Advertising:
    the hits and myths
    . New York: Doubleday.

    Notes

    • The subtitle: a colon after the title, space and
      then the subtitle.

    • The subtitle starts with a lower case letter (...:
      the hits..)

  • Book: Multiple authors


    Authors. Date. Title: subtitle. Place: Publisher.










    Harvard

    a) Henderson, R.S., Smith, P.G., Rossiter, I. &
    King, P.Q. 1987. The tenets of moral philosophy.
    New York: Van Nostrand.


    Note

    • The ampersand (&) before the last name


    • NB. Your in-text reference would read: (Henderson
      et al., 1987:64). However do not use "et
      al
      " in your bibliography.

    Book: Multiple authors (using full name
    in bibliography)


    Authors. Date. Title: subtitle. Place: Publisher.










    Harvard

    a) Van Schalkwyk, Piet, Lotter, Bill C. & Van Wyk,
    Chris S. 1986. Language communication. Cape Town:ABC
    Publishers.

    b)Henderson, Ron S., Smith, Peter G., Rossiter, Ina
    C. & King, Paul Q. 1987. The tenets of moral
    philosophy
    . New York:Van Nostrand.

    Notes


    • There is no full stop after a full name.

    Book: No author


    Title. Date. Place: Publisher.










    Harvard

    Advertising in the Western Cape. 1990. Cape
    Town: ABC Publishers.


    Notes When no author is known, start with the
    title.

    Book: Chapter from a book with different
    contributors



    Authors. Date. Title: subtitle of the chapter. In Editors
    of book (eds.), Title of book. Place: Publisher. Page
    references.











    Harvard

    a) Bjork, R. A. 1989. Retrieval inhibition as an adaptive
    mechanism in human memory. In Roediger, H.L.
    & Craik, F.I.M. (eds.), Variety of memory & consciousness.
    Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. p. 309-330.

    b) Puttnam, R.A. 1981. The place of values in a world
    of facts. In Duff, A. & Smithson, W.O., (eds).
    The nature of the physical universe. Englewood
    Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall. p. 124-139.

    Notes

    • You have consulted a chapter of the book. The chapter
      is by one person (or more) and the book by another
      (or more).

    • The title of the book is in
      italics, NOT the title of the chapter.

    • NJ = State of New Jersey in the USA.


    • Name(s) of editor(s) of book is given in inverted
      format (Last name, First Name).

  • Book: Edition other than the first


    Authors. Date. Title: subtitle. Edition. Place: Publisher.












    Harvard

    a) Brunner, H. 1972. Hieroglyphic writing: the Egyptian
    legacy
    . 3rd rev. ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    b) Mitchell, T. R, & Larson, J. R. 1987. People
    in organizations: an introduction to organizational
    behavior
    . 3rd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill.

    Notes

    • Subtitle: separated from the title with a colon.

    • The first word of the subtitle starts with a lower
      case letter.

    • The title ends with a full stop before the edition
      (3rd rev. ed.) statement.

    Book: Editors (or compilers)


    Authors. Date. Title: subtitle. Place: Publisher.











    Harvard Gardner, B.P. & Smith,
    G. (eds). 1984. Child psychology: an introductory guide
    for parents and teachers
    . Harmondsworth: Penguin.
    Notes

    • Always place an ampersand (&) before the last
      name.

    • The editors (eds). must follow the names.

    • Lower case e in 'eds'.


    • The first word of the subtitle starts with a lower
      case letter (an...).

    Book: Review - Author of review indicated)


    Author of the review. Date. Title of the book being reviewed,
    Author of book. Reviewed in: Title of journal review is
    published in
    , Issue:Page reference, Date of issue.











    Harvard Reagan, M. 1997.
    The beach, by Alex Garland. Reviewed in: Village
    voice
    , 42:56, March 11.
    Notes

    • Alex Garland has written the book with the title
      The beach.

    • M Reagan wrote a review of the book in the journal
      with the title Village voice.


    • Both the title of the book and the title of the
      journal are in italics.

  • Book: Review - Author of review indicated


    Author of the review. Date. Title of the book being reviewed,
    Author of book. Reviewed in: Title of journal review is
    published in
    , Issue:Page reference, Date of issue.











    Harvard Reagan, M. 1997.
    The beach, by Alex Garland. Reviewed in: Village
    voice
    , 42:56, March 11.
    Notes

    • Alex Garland has written the book with the title
      The beach.

    • M Reagan wrote a review of the book in the journal
      with the title Village voice..


    • Both the title of the book and the title of the
      journal are in italics.

    Book: Two items by same author in the same
    year



    Authors. Date(a). Title, Place: Publisher.










    Harvard

    Pringle, Gillian S. 1982a. The allegorical novels
    of J.M. Coetzee
    . Grahamstown: Rhodes University.
    (PhD thesis).

    Pringle, Gillian S. 1982b. Aspects of style in the
    novels of J.M. Coetzee. College English, 35(6):34-41,
    September.

    Notes

    • The date is followed by and "a" or a "b".


    • The items are alphabetical by title: The allegorical
      ...
      files before Aspects of style...

    • "The" is ignored in alphabetical listing.


    • Example a) is a thesis and therefore the qualification
      that the thesis is for must be added.

    • Example b) is a journal article.

    Brochures

    Name of organisation that produced the brochure. Date.
    Title of brochure. edition. [Brochure]. Author.













    Harvard Research and Training
    Center on Independent Living. 1993. Guidelines for
    reporting and writing about people with disabilities.

    4th ed. [Brochure]. Lawrence, KS.
    Notes

    • The author, K.S. Lawrence is subordinate to the
      company / organisation that produced the brochure.

    • The format is given in square brackets at the end
      of the entry.

    • In-text referencing: ("Research and Training Center",
      1993:1)

  • Conference proceedings


    Author. Date. Title of paper. Title of published document,
    Place and date of conference, page reference(s), Place (of
    publication): Publisher.











    Harvard Truter, Mavis. 1994. The role of the court
    interpreter in the new South Africa. Proceedings of
    the 1994 Conference of the South African Institute of
    Translators
    , Bloemfontein, 18-23 June 1994, 46-59.
    Johannesburg: The Institute.
    Notes

    • Published conference proceedings. Cite only the
      paper read by Truter.

    • Title of the paper: "The role of the court...".


    • Title of the published volume: "Proceedings..".

    Correspondence


    Author of the letter. Date. Description of the type of correspondence,
    Date of correspondence. [Note of location of the original
    document]











    Harvard Theron, C. 1997. Letter to
    the Town Clerk of Stellenbosch, 5 May. [Original copy
    in records of the Town Council of Stellenbosch.]
    Notes

     

    Course notes


    Author. Date. Title: sub-title. Place: Name of Institution.
    [Indicate that these are course notes]










    Harvard Roux, B. 2003. Reasons
    for Absenteeism
    . Cape Town: Cape Technikon. [Course
    notes].


    Notes

     

    Dictionary


    Title: subtitle. Edition. Date. Place: Publisher.










    Harvard

    a) Merriam-Webster's collegiate dictionary. 10th
    ed. 1993. Springfield, MA.: Merriam-Webster.

    b) Shorter Oxford dictionary. 9th ed. 1993.
    Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Notes


    • The position of the date - it follows the title
      and the edition.

    • Merriam-Webster is a publisher.

    • MA - the state of .... in the United States of America.
      It is customary to follow place names in the USA with
      the abbreviation for the state. Click
      here for a list of abbreviations for the states.

    Encyclopaedia - Author indicated


    Author. Date. Title article. Title of encyclopaedia,
    volume of encyclopaedia, page reference.










    Harvard Lessing, B.P. 1985. Nuclear
    energy. McGraw-Hill encyclopedia of science and technology,
    12:127-129.


    Notes NB.
    The title of the encyclopedia is
    in italics, NOT the title of the article.


  • Encyclopaedia - Author not indicated


    Title article. Date. Title of encyclopaedia, volume
    of encyclopaedia, page reference. Place:Publisher.










    Harvard Medieval manuscripts. 1995.
    Encyclopedia Americana, 14:346-347. Danbury,
    Conn:Grolier.


    Notes

    • If the author is not known, strart with the title
      of the article.

    • The title of the encyclopaedia
      is in italics, NOT the title of the article.


    • 14 = the number of the volume in the set.

    • 346-347 = the page numbers in volume 14.

    Internet

    Author. Date (last updated). Title of website. [Online].
    Available: URL /Internet address. [Date you accessed the site].













    Harvard McKiernan, G. 1996.
    Project Aristotle(sm): automated caterogization of
    Web resources
    . [Online]. Available: http://www.public.iastate.edu/~CYBERSTACKS/Aristotle.htm
    [4 September 1996]
    Notes

    • You have to provide the full URL in the bibliography.

    • Access date is very important as information on
      the Internet changes very rapidly.

    • In-text example (McKiernan, 1996).

    Secondary source (one source cited in another
    source)


    Author. Date. Title: Sub-title. Journal Title,
    Volume: Page references.










    Harvard Coltheart, M.,
    Curtis, B., Atkins, P., & Haller, M. 1993. Models of reading
    aloud: Dual-route and parallel-distributed-processing
    approaches. Psychological review, 100: 589-608.



    Notes

    • A study was done by Seidenberg and McClelland.

    • Coltheart et al later refers to this study
      in their article titled "Models of reading aloud..."
      (The study is cited in Coltheart et al.).


    • The secondary source (the second source)
      should be given in the reference list.

    • When the cited work (the first work) was not read
      then the in-text reference will look like this:

      Seidenberg and McClelland's study (as cited in
      Coltheart, Curtin, Atkins & Haller, 1993) confirmed
      that ...


    Theses and dissertations


    Author. Date. Title of article. Title: subtitle. Place:
    Academic institution. Degree. [format if other than print]










    Harvard

    a) Potgieter, R.S. 1983. Die advertensiewese in
    Suid-Afrika: 'n kritiese ondersoek
    . Pretoria: UNISA.
    (M Com-verhandeling). [Mikrofiche]

    b) Almeida, D. M. 1990. Father's participation of
    family work: consequences for father's stress and father-child
    relations
    . British Columbia, Canada:University of
    Victoria. (MA-thesis.)

    Notes

    • In example a) you used the microfiche copy of the
      thesis - the format is given in square brackets at
      the end of the entry.


    • Use the language of the publication - if the thesis
      is in Afrikaans, give the bibliographic detail in
      Afrikaans; if it is in English, give the bibliographic
      detail in English.

    • Example b) is an example of a printed thesis.


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