Merging Duplicates - Can't tell which source is which.

I am trying to merge duplicates. Let's use this example: In the middle bar I have two sources, the one has a screenshot attached and the one has a pdf attached. In the right bar are two blocks. If I click the one it shows selected metadata, not all, I don't know which one I am selecting by clicking on the right, there is nothing that actually tells me what I am selecting. All that I can ascertain is when there's more of this select metadata when I click one box and less of it when I select the other box. But I have no idea which of these boxes corresponds to whats going on in the middle. How is that useful?
  • dstillman Zotero Team
    Read through https://www.zotero.org/support/duplicate_detection, and if you're still confused by something, provide some screenshots of what you don't understand.

    The point is that you're merging items, so the only thing that matters is the metadata you want to keep. You can choose any item as the base item and pick individual fields from the other items if you want to. Different attachments from all items will be kept under the merged item, and the merged item will be placed in all the collections that any of them were in.
  • Thanks for your response, I did read that post prior to asking on this forum but I still was struggling to understand. I realised that the harpoon symbol can be clicked on and one can select the input/info you prefer to be kept. I think that's right?


    My issue is around having a group library full of a mix draggged pdfs, some Zotero Connector imports, screenshots etc. and for our screening we need there to be text in the abstract field for each item. (This project has been growing for some time in a team and sources are all over the place and now we need to get all these sources together and write an emergent literature review using co-productive methods).

    I've made a folder to show which items do not have anything in the 'abstract' field. (This was a struggle and I had to wrangle with Google to help me make one that eventually actually (seems) to have worked. I'm manually going through these and opening the websites and first adding with the zotero connector (just incase) but then copy and pasting abstracts to the abstract field (134 to go). With grey literature if it's like a website I make a summary of the website and insert it into the 'abstract' field.

    My concern was with choosing master documents and the possibility of losing the abstract I worked so hard to get. But then Google eventually gave me this answer which helped directly outline what exactly is kept and what is changed in the merging/master process that I didn't manage to understand from your article.

    My Question to Google: In de duplication/merge in Zotero you cant see field 'abstract'. If I choose item without abstract as master then merge, will I lose abstract info in item not chosen as master?

    Google's answer:
    No. You will not lose the abstract information.
    Zotero handles merging safely to prevent data loss:
    Non-Empty Fields Win: If the master item has an empty abstract field, and the duplicate item contains an abstract, Zotero automatically merges the abstract into the final saved item.
    Master Only Settles Conflicts: The choice of "master" is only used to resolve direct conflicts, such as when both items have different text written in the same field.
    All Extra Data Preserved: All tags, collections, notes, attachments (PDFs), and unique field data from both items are combined into the final merged item.
    If you want to be completely sure before proceeding, you can manually toggle conflicting fields in the right-hand panel during the merge process to choose exactly which version of a field to keep.
    If you are dealing with a large number of duplicates, tell me:
    Approximately how many duplicates do you need to merge?
    Are you looking for a way to bulk-merge items automatically?
    I can provide steps or plugin recommendations to speed up your library cleanup.

    I have tried some plugins that are popular on the internet for importing metadata but it seems that Zotero 9 doesn't manage them as well as 7/8 did. So manual is the way to go.

    I'm an absolute newby to Zotero and have been trying to figure out a workflow with this mess of sources all over the place in our team and it's been just a tad confusing looking for videos to help with the basics (sometimes videos are easier than Zotero documentation) and then the versions keep changing rapidly. Or you search for answers but the answers are based on older versions and layouts are just slightly different etc. But I'm learning multiple tools all at the same time and that's why it becomes a bit much.

    PS: Why can't one add the 'abstract' field to see it in the middle panel? Also, I'm not 100% sure that the Zotero Connector always reliably captures the abstract on a journal article even where one has access to the pdf. Am I wrong?

    Anyway. Thanks for the work on Zotero!
  • Don't trust AI answers on Zotero -- they're wrong about half of the time (both because there isn't a ton of training data and because some features change and bugs get fixed and AI has no way of 'telling' that's the case).

    Specifically, google's answer is wrong here: if you merge two items and choose the one without an abstract as the master for merging, you _will_ lose the abstract on merging.

    The lack of access to the abstract field during merge is an issue since Zotero 7 and I think should warrant a more urgent fix; I agree it's a problem.
  • edited May 14, 2026
    Hi. Noted about AI.

    Thanks for your response. I appreciate it. The problem is, when I am de-duplicating I can't seem to find a way to figure out which one of the blocks with different time stamps in it is the one that has the abstract. There's no way to view this?

    One answer is to de-duplicate before going in and fixing metadata. But I am working from a 'saved search' that I created with all the docs that don't have abstracts. This means that as soon a I add the abstract it goes to duplicates as there are now two versions...

    I don't know what to do right now.

    Block with most recent time stamp is hopefully one you last worked on and added to abstract so choose that one as master?

    I still don't really understand master versions in de-duplication and what is lost and what isn't etc.

    Any ideas on how to make this process smoother and less chaotic would be appreciated, I am working with a lot of grey lit and screen shots here so it's all a bit tricky.
  • dstillman Zotero Team
    edited May 14, 2026
    It's what adamsmith says — Abstract specifically isn't currently shown in the merge view. (You didn't mention Abstract in your original question.) This is indeed a regression since Zotero 7, when Abstract was moved to a dedicated section in the item pane, and I guess we didn't fix it after the earlier threads. (Sorry about that, @adamsmith.) We'll work on a fix to make Abstract visible again when merging.
  • There' s nothing great (that's why I think the abstract issue needs to get fix pretty urgently) but two things that might help in the meantime:
    1. You can select individual items in the duplicate view using ctrl+click and you can then see the whole right-hand panel, including abstract
    2. You can show the "Date Added" column in the middle panel which is the information shown in the toggle at the top of the merge dialog.

    To be very clear, this is far from ideal, but that's what I'd currently do.
  • Thanks for the response. Any tips perhaps on the best 'workflow' that I can implement to help myself with cleaning the metadata of 131 items where I made a 'saved search' to show when abstracts aren't present as that is also not an option - selecting abstract to show in the middle window. The Zotero Connector was broken when my colleague (the PI of the study) did a major search and she only realised much later. She then uninstalled and reinstalled the connector and it started working properly again, but those are all just screenshots with very little metadata and also have to be re-done by me. All that is important at this stage to have for any item in our library is: Title, Creator/Author, Year, Item type and abstract. Since you guys are deeply embedded in this if you have any suggestions it would be much appreciated. (You would have to read all my comments to get context.)
  • Sorry, adamsmith, only saw your response right now after I posted my comment...can't think about it right now, will think about it, might have another question, have to dash now.
  • You should also be able to use advanced search to identify items that have anything in the abstract field (with a search like abstract-contains- e or so), could then use a colored tag to make them easily visible.
  • dstillman Zotero Team
    In the latest Zotero beta, we've made Abstract available in the merge pane, with its own field picker when the values differ.
  • Using the Duplicate Items function, I am having the difficulty figuring out which of the duplicates is the one that I want to keep, for the same reasons -- in the Duplicate Items view, I cannot examine which item has the more complete information in its fields.

    To de-duplicate, I have to toggle between Duplicate Items view and My Library so I can see the fields associated with each of the duplicates.

    I also have a shared group library, to which I have dragged my entire library. Will de-duplicating my personal library have any effect on the same duplicates in the group library? How will an admin of the group library keep it clean?

    (I agree, Google AI's interpretation of Zotero documentation is utterly unreliable.)
  • dstillman Zotero Team
    @AdeleEff: The above thread was specifically about the Abstract field, and as I say, in the Zotero 10 beta we've restored the display of that when merging items.

    For other fields, you can just click between the different items using the list at the top.
  • edited 11 days ago
    Thanks, dstillman. But that Duplicate Items toggle view doesn't show which item has the most complete tagging, which is important in my library.

    Best I can do right now is use the Duplicate Items view as a guide to search through my personal library, then merge from there.

    Also, merging in my personal library won't do anything to the same duplicates in the shared group library, correct? The admins would have to go through the same process to clean out duplicates?
  • To de-duplicate, I have to toggle between Duplicate Items view and My Library so I can see the fields associated with each of the duplicates.
    An icon highlights the differing field between duplicates, so you can select the field version directly—no need to navigate to the library or collection.

    https://s3.amazonaws.com/zotero.org/images/forums/u7294073/vmr6f84lzzm197bzo33u.png
  • dstillman Zotero Team
    edited 11 days ago
    But that Duplicate Items toggle view doesn't show which item has the most complete tagging, which is important in my library.
    @AdeleEff: Tags from all items are kept.
  • Hello @AdeleEff

    I am just a user. The person who started this board. Not an expert. So excuse me for not being proficient. I made duplicates in my duplicates section by re-storing to library from my trash. To be able to look at this again. I have an Item Type: Book. And an Item type: Journal article.

    This might not be useful to you at all, apologies if so, @dstillman says that all tags are kept - that's useful to know and solves that for you.

    -On navigating the view:
    In the Merge Column to the far right, the blocks show: date and time MODIFIED.

    -So in 'Duplicate Items' I always have selected and displayed in the middle for me the field DATE MODIFIED.

    -Make a colour tag called, for instance, 'duplicates'

    -Go back to duplicates folder and apply the tag to all the items in the display in one go.

    -Now they all have a coloured dot on them. (I'm sure you know this stuff but going through it procedurally)

    -Go into the group library that you're cleaning.

    -For the middle display choose the fields you want displayed: Title DATE MODIFIED, Notes, Added By
    (Title and DATE MODIFIED are nb - notes could be useful for you, Added by is useful to me to see if it was me or someone else who added it - some people check the that connector is working properly when they are using it, some people just indiscriminately go on a key-word rampage and don't check what's happening, and as much as I love Zotero, at the moment the connector seems a bit unreliable, last worked with it last week again, I think - dragging and dropping pdfs into Zotero seems to work best right now)

    -Then select the tag 'Duplicates' and it will display all your duplicates.

    -Order by Title in middle display.

    -If what you are doing when you're merging is choosing just the most complete one to be the Master, and I understand you correctly, then now you have them all together (with the duplicates tag) and you can make another defining mark that will show up in 'Duplicate Items'.

    -For the item you choose is best you add another coloured tag, for instance 'Merge to this one'.

    -So you go through the whole list and select most complete one's by adding the other coloured tag.
    (the other thing that shows up in Duplicates if you select it to display in the middle view is whether a note is attached or not, but this is only useful if you don't use notes typically in your library - you make a note on the one you want to keep with any detail you want to remember and then in duplicate you'll see which item has a note and which not - more detailed approach, but doesn't really help if you or entire team are making notes all over the place cos the display in duplicates will show amount of notes attached to the item)

    -Then when in duplicate items maybe just select for display "Title", "Date Modified" (also maybe: "Notes", "Added by")

    -Your items that are the same thing all go blue when you click on them.

    -Now what you have is all the duplicates and one of them has two coloured tags and you can see which one is the one to pick to USE AS MASTER.

    -Look at DATE MODIFIED for the one you want to keep and pick that in the Merge Column to the right as the master.

    -The pickers, or tritans, pick up where there are doubles/triples etc. of data of a meta data field are and allow you to pick what meta-data you prefer to be in the Master. (If a title for an item is long that doesn't help cos you can't see the whole title displayed.)

    Thanks to @dstillman who mentioned colour tagging in one of his responses to me that helped me create a whole workflow of tags to get abstracts into a massive, messy, group library.

    I saw the message about the beta, but am a bit nervous to switch over right now as if anything else I make breaks in a big way I might have a meltdown :D

    I would love to have an explanation (or a pointer to an explanation) of what can potentially get lost and what is definitely kept in a merge. And what is the difference between just selecting 'merge' and selecting a master?

    @AdeleEff, if this is not what you're looking for I am so sorry about all the text.
  • Thank you for this information.
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